Patient Handling Equipment Market Research, Analysis, Segmentation, Trends, Size And Forecasts, Competitive Analysis, SWOT Analysis

Patient Handling Equipment Market Introduction

The patient handling equipment market refers to the range of devices and equipment used to assist healthcare providers in the safe and efficient transfer and movement of patients with mobility limitations. This equipment is designed to reduce the risk of injury to both patients and healthcare providers during patient transfers, while also improving patient comfort and dignity. Patient handling equipment includes a wide range of products, such as patient lifts, slings, transfer boards, wheelchairs, and stretchers.

The patient handling equipment market is driven by several factors, including the growing aging population, the rising incidence of disabilities and chronic conditions, and the increasing focus on patient safety and injury prevention. In addition, advances in technology, such as the development of electric patient lifts and smart patient monitoring systems, are driving growth in the market.

The patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with several established players and new entrants vying for market share. Market players are focused on developing innovative products that are both effective and cost-efficient, while also complying with safety standards and regulations. As healthcare systems continue to place a greater emphasis on patient safety and injury prevention, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Industry Analysis

The patient handling equipment market is experiencing significant growth and is expected to continue growing in the coming years. The market is being driven by several factors, including the growing aging population, rising incidence of disabilities and chronic conditions, and increasing focus on patient safety and injury prevention.

One of the key trends in the patient handling equipment market is the development of electric patient lifts and smart patient monitoring systems. Electric patient lifts are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of use and ability to reduce the risk of injury to both patients and healthcare providers. Smart patient monitoring systems are also gaining popularity, as they can provide real-time monitoring of patients and alert healthcare providers to any potential issues.

The patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with several established players and new entrants vying for market share. Market players are focused on developing innovative products that are both effective and cost-efficient, while also complying with safety standards and regulations.

Geographically, North America and Europe are the largest markets for patient handling equipment, due to their aging populations and well-established healthcare systems. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, due to the rising incidence of chronic conditions and the increasing demand for healthcare services.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by a combination of demographic and technological factors. Market players that focus on developing innovative, cost-efficient products that comply with safety standards and regulations are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Trends

The patient handling equipment market is evolving rapidly, with several key trends shaping the market’s growth and development. Some of the notable trends include:

  1. Adoption of electric patient lifts: Electric patient lifts are gaining popularity due to their ease of use and ability to reduce the risk of injury to both patients and healthcare providers. These lifts are equipped with motors that allow for easy lifting and transferring of patients, and they can also reduce the physical strain on healthcare providers.
  2. Development of smart patient monitoring systems: Smart patient monitoring systems are becoming increasingly popular, as they can provide real-time monitoring of patients and alert healthcare providers to any potential issues. These systems use sensors and data analytics to track patients’ movements and vital signs, and they can help prevent falls, pressure ulcers, and other adverse events.
  3. Growing demand for bariatric patient handling equipment: The obesity epidemic has led to a growing demand for bariatric patient handling equipment, which is designed to accommodate patients who weigh over 350 pounds. Bariatric equipment includes patient lifts, transfer boards, and wheelchairs, among other devices.
  4. Increasing focus on ergonomics: Healthcare providers are placing a greater emphasis on ergonomics, or the science of designing equipment that is comfortable and safe to use. Patient handling equipment manufacturers are responding by developing products that are easy to maneuver and require minimal physical effort to operate.
  5. Adoption of reusable slings and disposable slide sheets: Healthcare providers are increasingly using reusable slings and disposable slide sheets to reduce the risk of infection transmission and improve patient hygiene. These products are easy to clean and sanitize, and they can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is evolving rapidly, driven by technological advancements, changing demographics, and a growing focus on patient safety and comfort. Market players that stay ahead of these trends by developing innovative, cost-effective products are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Size And Forecast

The global patient handling equipment market size was valued at USD 11.5 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 17.6 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period.

Factors driving the growth of the patient handling equipment market include the rising incidence of disabilities and chronic conditions, growing aging population, and increasing focus on patient safety and injury prevention. In addition, the increasing demand for healthcare services, particularly in emerging economies, is expected to create significant growth opportunities for market players.

Based on product type, the patient handling equipment market can be segmented into wheelchairs and scooters, medical beds, patient lifts and slings, ambulatory aids, and others. The patient lifts and slings segment is expected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period, owing to the increasing demand for electric patient lifts and the rising prevalence of mobility-related disabilities.

Based on end-user, the patient handling equipment market can be segmented into hospitals, home care settings, elderly care facilities, and others. The hospitals segment is expected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period, owing to the growing demand for patient handling equipment in acute care settings.

Geographically, North America and Europe are the largest markets for patient handling equipment, due to their well-established healthcare systems and aging populations. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, owing to the rising incidence of chronic conditions and the increasing demand for healthcare services.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by a combination of demographic and technological factors. Market players that focus on developing innovative, cost-efficient products that comply with safety standards and regulations are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Share Analysis

The patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with several key players accounting for a significant share of the market. Some of the leading companies operating in the market include:

  1. Stryker Corporation
  2. Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.
  3. Invacare Corporation
  4. Etac AB
  5. Getinge AB
  6. Joerns Healthcare LLC
  7. Prism Medical UK
  8. ArjoHuntleigh
  9. Guldmann Inc.
  10. Handicare Group AB

Stryker Corporation and Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc. are among the leading players in the market, accounting for a significant share of the market. These companies offer a wide range of patient handling equipment, including hospital beds, patient lifts, and other devices.

The market is characterized by the presence of several small and medium-sized companies that specialize in niche products and services. These companies typically focus on specific product categories or geographic regions and compete based on factors such as price, quality, and customer service.

North America and Europe are the largest markets for patient handling equipment, owing to their well-established healthcare systems and aging populations. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by the rising incidence of chronic conditions and the increasing demand for healthcare services.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is highly fragmented, with several key players accounting for a significant share of the market. Market players that focus on developing innovative, cost-efficient products that comply with safety standards and regulations are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Competitive Landscape

The global patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with several leading players operating in the market. Some of the key players in the market include Stryker Corporation, Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc., Invacare Corporation, Etac AB, Getinge AB, Joerns Healthcare LLC, Prism Medical UK, ArjoHuntleigh, Guldmann Inc., and Handicare Group AB.

These companies offer a wide range of patient handling equipment, including hospital beds, patient lifts and slings, wheelchairs and scooters, ambulatory aids, and other devices. They compete on factors such as price, quality, innovation, and customer service.

In recent years, many companies have focused on developing innovative products that comply with safety standards and regulations. For example, Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc. recently introduced a new line of hospital beds that incorporate advanced safety features, such as enhanced siderail protection and improved patient positioning.

The market is also characterized by the presence of several small and medium-sized companies that specialize in niche products and services. These companies typically focus on specific product categories or geographic regions and compete based on factors such as price, quality, and customer service.

North America and Europe are the largest markets for patient handling equipment, owing to their well-established healthcare systems and aging populations. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by the rising incidence of chronic conditions and the increasing demand for healthcare services.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by a combination of demographic and technological factors. Companies that focus on developing innovative, cost-efficient products that comply with safety standards and regulations are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Intelligence

The patient handling equipment market is driven by several factors, including the growing aging population, rising prevalence of chronic diseases, increasing demand for home healthcare services, and advances in technology.

One of the key drivers of the market is the growing aging population. As people age, they are more likely to experience chronic health conditions that require assistance with mobility and other activities of daily living. This has increased the demand for patient handling equipment such as hospital beds, patient lifts, and wheelchairs.

The rising prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer has also contributed to the growth of the market. These conditions often require ongoing care and management, which can be facilitated through the use of patient handling equipment.

The increasing demand for home healthcare services is also driving the growth of the market. As healthcare providers seek to reduce costs and improve patient outcomes, they are increasingly turning to home healthcare services as a more efficient and effective way to deliver care. This has increased the demand for patient handling equipment that is suitable for use in the home setting.

Advances in technology have also contributed to the growth of the market. For example, the development of lightweight, portable patient lifts and slings has made it easier for caregivers to assist patients with mobility issues. Similarly, the introduction of smart hospital beds that can monitor patient vital signs and adjust positioning has improved patient comfort and safety.

Despite these drivers, the patient handling equipment market is not without challenges. One of the main challenges facing the market is the high cost of equipment, which can make it difficult for some healthcare providers and patients to afford. In addition, there are concerns about the safety and efficacy of some equipment, particularly when it comes to transferring patients from one location to another.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by a combination of demographic and technological factors. Companies that focus on developing innovative, cost-efficient products that comply with safety standards and regulations are better positioned to succeed in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Industry Trends

The patient handling equipment market is constantly evolving with new trends emerging in response to changes in patient needs, advances in technology, and evolving healthcare delivery models. Here are some of the key trends in the patient handling equipment industry:

  1. Increase in demand for bariatric patient handling equipment: As the obesity epidemic continues to grow worldwide, there is an increasing need for patient handling equipment that can safely and comfortably support larger patients. Bariatric patient handling equipment, such as bariatric beds and lifts, is designed to accommodate patients with higher weight capacities and can help reduce the risk of injury to both patients and caregivers.
  2. Growing adoption of powered patient handling equipment: Advances in technology have led to the development of powered patient handling equipment, such as motorized patient lifts and hospital beds. These devices are designed to reduce the physical strain on caregivers and help prevent injuries such as back strain, which are common in manual lifting and transferring of patients.
  3. Integration of technology and connectivity: Smart patient handling equipment with advanced features such as tracking and monitoring capabilities are becoming increasingly popular. These devices can track patient movements, monitor vital signs, and provide real-time data to healthcare providers. This helps improve patient safety, reduce errors, and enhance the overall quality of care.
  4. Shift towards home healthcare: There is a growing trend towards home healthcare, driven by the desire to reduce healthcare costs and improve patient outcomes. As a result, there is an increasing demand for patient handling equipment that is suitable for use in the home setting. Home healthcare equipment is designed to be more compact, lightweight, and portable than traditional hospital-grade equipment.
  5. Increased focus on patient safety: With the rising number of patient handling injuries, there is a growing emphasis on patient safety in the industry. Manufacturers are developing equipment with safety features such as fall prevention systems, secure locking mechanisms, and automatic safety stops to prevent injuries to patients and caregivers.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue to grow as the healthcare industry evolves and new trends emerge. Companies that stay ahead of these trends by developing innovative and cost-effective solutions that meet the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers are likely to be successful in the market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Analysis

The patient handling equipment market is expected to experience significant growth over the next few years. One of the key drivers of this growth is the aging global population. As the population ages, there is an increasing need for patient handling equipment to help care for the growing number of elderly patients. Additionally, the rise of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes has increased the need for specialized patient handling equipment that can safely and comfortably accommodate patients with these conditions.

Another key driver of growth in the patient handling equipment market is the increasing focus on patient safety. Healthcare providers are placing more emphasis on preventing patient handling injuries, which can be costly to treat and can negatively impact patient outcomes. As a result, there is a growing demand for patient handling equipment that is designed with safety features such as fall prevention systems, secure locking mechanisms, and automatic safety stops.

In terms of product type, powered patient handling equipment is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market. Advances in technology have led to the development of motorized patient lifts and hospital beds, which are designed to reduce the physical strain on caregivers and help prevent injuries such as back strain. The increased adoption of powered patient handling equipment is expected to continue as healthcare providers seek to improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of injury to caregivers.

Regionally, North America is expected to be the largest market for patient handling equipment, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The high demand for patient handling equipment in North America can be attributed to the region’s aging population, high healthcare spending, and the presence of key market players in the region. The Asia Pacific region is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market, due to the increasing healthcare expenditure and rising awareness of the importance of patient safety.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue to grow over the next few years, driven by demographic and technological factors. Companies that can develop innovative and cost-effective solutions to meet the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers are likely to be successful in this growing market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Segmentation

The patient handling equipment market can be segmented by product type, end-user, and region.

By product type, the market can be segmented into:

  1. Wheelchairs and scooters
  2. Medical beds
  3. Patient lifts
  4. Ambulatory aids
  5. Others (such as transfer boards, sliding sheets, and hover mats)

By end-user, the market can be segmented into:

  1. Hospitals and clinics
  2. Home healthcare settings
  3. Elderly care facilities
  4. Others (such as emergency medical services and rehabilitation centers)

By region, the market can be segmented into:

  1. North America
  2. Europe
  3. Asia Pacific
  4. Latin America
  5. Middle East and Africa

Each segment has its own unique needs and preferences for patient handling equipment, and understanding these differences is important for companies operating in the market. For example, hospitals and clinics may require specialized patient handling equipment for bariatric patients, while home healthcare settings may require equipment that is portable and easy to use. Similarly, regions with aging populations may have higher demand for certain types of equipment, such as lift chairs or powered patient lifts.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Forecast

The patient handling equipment market is expected to experience significant growth over the next few years. According to a report by Grand View Research, the global patient handling equipment market size was valued at USD 11.2 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2021 to 2028.

One of the key drivers of growth in the market is the aging global population, which is expected to continue to increase over the next few decades. As the population ages, the demand for patient handling equipment is expected to rise, particularly in regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.

Another driver of growth in the market is the increasing focus on patient safety. Healthcare providers are placing more emphasis on preventing patient handling injuries, which can be costly to treat and can negatively impact patient outcomes. As a result, there is a growing demand for patient handling equipment that is designed with safety features such as fall prevention systems, secure locking mechanisms, and automatic safety stops.

In terms of product type, powered patient handling equipment is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market. Advances in technology have led to the development of motorized patient lifts and hospital beds, which are designed to reduce the physical strain on caregivers and help prevent injuries such as back strain.

Regionally, North America is expected to be the largest market for patient handling equipment, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The high demand for patient handling equipment in North America can be attributed to the region’s aging population, high healthcare spending, and the presence of key market players in the region. The Asia Pacific region is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market, due to the increasing healthcare expenditure and rising awareness of the importance of patient safety.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue to grow over the next few years, driven by demographic and technological factors. Companies that can develop innovative and cost-effective solutions to meet the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers are likely to be successful in this growing market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Growth

The patient handling equipment market is expected to experience significant growth over the next few years. According to a report by Grand View Research, the global patient handling equipment market size was valued at USD 11.2 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2021 to 2028.

One of the key drivers of growth in the market is the aging global population, which is expected to continue to increase over the next few decades. As the population ages, the demand for patient handling equipment is expected to rise, particularly in regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.

Another driver of growth in the market is the increasing focus on patient safety. Healthcare providers are placing more emphasis on preventing patient handling injuries, which can be costly to treat and can negatively impact patient outcomes. As a result, there is a growing demand for patient handling equipment that is designed with safety features such as fall prevention systems, secure locking mechanisms, and automatic safety stops.

In terms of product type, powered patient handling equipment is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market. Advances in technology have led to the development of motorized patient lifts and hospital beds, which are designed to reduce the physical strain on caregivers and help prevent injuries such as back strain.

Regionally, North America is expected to be the largest market for patient handling equipment, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The high demand for patient handling equipment in North America can be attributed to the region’s aging population, high healthcare spending, and the presence of key market players in the region. The Asia Pacific region is expected to experience the fastest growth in the market, due to the increasing healthcare expenditure and rising awareness of the importance of patient safety.

Overall, the patient handling equipment market is expected to continue to grow over the next few years, driven by demographic and technological factors. Companies that can develop innovative and cost-effective solutions to meet the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers are likely to be successful in this growing market.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Competitor Analysis

The patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with a range of players operating in the market. Some of the key players in the market include:

  1. Stryker Corporation: Stryker is a leading manufacturer of medical devices, including patient handling equipment such as patient lifts, stretchers, and transfer chairs. The company offers a range of products designed to meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients.
  2. Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.: Hill-Rom is a global medical technology company that offers a range of patient handling equipment, including hospital beds, stretchers, and patient lifts. The company is focused on developing innovative products that improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of caregiver injury.
  3. Invacare Corporation: Invacare is a leading manufacturer of home medical equipment and supplies, including patient handling equipment such as patient lifts, slings, and transfer benches. The company’s products are designed to provide safe and efficient patient handling solutions for home healthcare providers and patients.
  4. Getinge AB: Getinge is a global medical technology company that offers a range of products and solutions for patient handling and care, including hospital beds, patient lifts, and transfer systems. The company is focused on developing innovative products that improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of caregiver injury.
  5. Arjo AB: Arjo is a global medical technology company that offers a range of patient handling and hygiene solutions, including patient lifts, bath tubs, and shower systems. The company’s products are designed to improve patient comfort and safety, while also reducing the physical strain on caregivers.

Other notable players in the patient handling equipment market include Prism Medical UK, GF Health Products, Inc., and Handicare Group AB.

These companies are investing in research and development to develop innovative products and solutions that can improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of injury to caregivers. They are also focused on expanding their global reach by establishing partnerships with distributors and expanding their sales and marketing efforts. As the demand for patient handling equipment continues to grow, competition in the market is expected to intensify, with players competing on factors such as price, product features, and customer service.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Strengths

The patient handling equipment market has several strengths, including:

  1. Increasing demand: The aging population, rising incidence of disabilities, and growing awareness about the importance of patient safety and comfort are driving the demand for patient handling equipment. This is expected to continue to fuel the growth of the market in the coming years.
  2. Technological advancements: There have been significant advancements in patient handling equipment technology, leading to the development of more efficient, safe, and comfortable products. These innovations are improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of injury to caregivers.
  3. Growing healthcare expenditure: Healthcare expenditure is increasing worldwide, which is driving the demand for patient handling equipment. Governments are investing in healthcare infrastructure, leading to the development of new hospitals and healthcare facilities, which require patient handling equipment.
  4. Increasing adoption of home healthcare: The trend towards home healthcare is increasing, with more patients opting to receive care in the comfort of their own homes. This has led to an increased demand for patient handling equipment that can be used in home healthcare settings.
  5. Strong regulatory framework: There are strong regulations governing patient handling equipment, which has led to the development of high-quality products that meet safety and quality standards. This has increased the confidence of healthcare providers and patients in patient handling equipment.

These strengths are expected to continue to drive the growth of the patient handling equipment market in the coming years, as the demand for patient handling equipment continues to increase.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Opportunities

The patient handling equipment market has several opportunities for growth, including:

  1. Expansion in emerging markets: Emerging markets, such as India, China, and Brazil, offer significant growth opportunities for patient handling equipment manufacturers. These markets have large populations and increasing healthcare expenditure, which is expected to fuel the demand for patient handling equipment.
  2. Increasing focus on patient comfort: Healthcare providers are increasingly focusing on patient comfort, which is driving the demand for patient handling equipment that is designed to provide a comfortable experience for patients. This has led to the development of more advanced products, such as pressure relief mattresses and patient transfer systems.
  3. Advancements in technology: The patient handling equipment market is expected to benefit from advancements in technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). IoT-enabled patient handling equipment can provide real-time monitoring of patients and reduce the risk of injury to caregivers. AI-enabled patient handling equipment can improve patient outcomes by providing personalized care and reducing the risk of adverse events.
  4. Increasing focus on bariatric patients: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, which is driving the demand for patient handling equipment designed for bariatric patients. Bariatric patient handling equipment can support heavier patients, reducing the risk of injury to caregivers and improving patient comfort.
  5. Growing demand for home healthcare equipment: The trend towards home healthcare is expected to continue to grow, driven by factors such as aging populations and rising healthcare costs. This is expected to increase the demand for patient handling equipment that is designed for home healthcare settings.

These opportunities are expected to drive the growth of the patient handling equipment market in the coming years, as manufacturers continue to innovate and develop new products to meet the changing needs of healthcare providers and patients.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Weakness

Some of the weaknesses of the patient handling equipment market include:

  1. High cost: Patient handling equipment can be expensive, which may limit its adoption by healthcare facilities with limited budgets. This can be a particular challenge for smaller facilities, such as clinics and nursing homes, which may not have the financial resources to invest in advanced patient handling equipment.
  2. Limited awareness: Despite the benefits of patient handling equipment, many healthcare providers may not be aware of the latest advancements and best practices in this field. This can lead to a lack of investment in patient handling equipment, or the use of outdated equipment that may not be as effective in preventing injuries to patients and caregivers.
  3. Training requirements: The use of patient handling equipment requires specialized training for healthcare providers, which can be time-consuming and costly. This can be a barrier to adoption, particularly for smaller healthcare facilities that may not have the resources to invest in training programs.
  4. Maintenance requirements: Patient handling equipment requires regular maintenance to ensure that it is working effectively and safely. This can be a challenge for healthcare facilities with limited staff and resources, particularly in remote or rural areas where access to maintenance services may be limited.
  5. Regulatory challenges: Patient handling equipment is subject to regulatory requirements, which can vary by jurisdiction. This can create challenges for manufacturers who must comply with multiple regulatory frameworks, and for healthcare providers who must navigate complex compliance requirements.

Patient Handling Equipment Market Threats

Some of the threats to the patient handling equipment market include:

  1. Economic downturns: During economic downturns, healthcare providers may have reduced budgets for capital expenditures, including the purchase of patient handling equipment. This can lead to a slowdown in the market and reduced revenue for manufacturers.
  2. Competition: The patient handling equipment market is highly competitive, with a large number of manufacturers and suppliers vying for market share. Intense competition can lead to price pressures and reduced profit margins for manufacturers.
  3. Technological advancements: Technological advancements in the healthcare industry, such as the development of robotics and automation, may pose a threat to traditional patient handling equipment. Healthcare providers may opt for newer, more advanced technologies that offer greater efficiency and cost savings.
  4. Product recalls: Patient handling equipment is subject to strict safety regulations, and any issues with the safety or effectiveness of equipment can lead to product recalls. Recalls can damage the reputation of manufacturers and lead to financial losses.
  5. Supply chain disruptions: The patient handling equipment market relies on a complex supply chain, including raw materials suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and healthcare providers. Any disruptions in the supply chain, such as shortages of raw materials or transportation issues, can lead to delays and increased costs.
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Disclaimer: The views, suggestions, and opinions expressed here are the sole responsibility of the experts. No Market Insight Lab journalist was involved in the writing and production of this article.

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